考研英语中,长难句是“阅读速度慢”“翻译失分多”的核心原因——一篇阅读中约有5-8个长难句,若无法快速拆解,会导致“读不懂”或“误解含义”;翻译题型更是直接考查长难句(英语一5个、英语二10个),拆解能力直接决定翻译得分。其实,长难句并非“不可攻克”,只要掌握“拆分方法+持续练习”,1个月内即可显著提升。
首先是“3步拆分法”,核心是“先抓主干,再拆修饰”,无论句子多复杂,都能快速理清逻辑:
1. 找主干(主谓宾/主系表):长难句的核心是“句子主干”,修饰成分(定语、状语、从句)都是“附加信息”。找主干的方法是“排除法”:①排除标点符号分隔的插入语(如“for example”“in fact”“that is to say”);②排除非谓语动词短语(doing/done/to do,如“working in the company”“to solve the problem”);③排除介词短语(in/on/with/for引导的短语,如“in the morning”“with his help”)。例如2022年英语一阅读Text 3中的长难句:“While the world is focused on how to reduce carbon emissions to slow climate change, some scientists are warning that we need to prepare for the possibility that global warming could exceed 1.5°C, a threshold beyond which the effects of climate change are expected to become severe.” 排除插入语和介词短语后,主干为“some scientists are warning that...”(主谓宾,that引导宾语从句)。
2. 拆修饰(定语/状语/从句):找到主干后,再拆分修饰成分,明确各部分与主干的关系:①定语:修饰名词,常由“形容词、定语从句、非谓语动词”充当(如“the book that I bought”中,“that I bought”是定语从句,修饰“book”);②状语:修饰动词/形容词/句子,常由“副词、状语从句、介词短语”充当(如“he ran quickly”中“quickly”是副词状语,“because he was late”是原因状语从句);③从句:按“类型”拆分(宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句),并找出“连接词”(that/which/while/because)。以上述长难句为例,修饰成分包括:While引导的让步状语从句(While the world is focused on...)、that引导的宾语从句(that we need to prepare for...)、that引导的同位语从句(that global warming could exceed...)、which引导的定语从句(beyond which the effects...)。
3. 理逻辑(调整语序):拆分后,按“中文表达习惯”调整各部分顺序,为翻译或理解做准备。例如:①定语从句:短定语前置(“the man who is tall”译为“高个子男人”),长定语后置(“the book which tells the story of a young man”译为“讲述年轻人故事的书”或“一本书,它讲述了年轻人的故事”);②状语从句:原因/让步状语从句可前置(“While it is raining, we stay at home.” 译为“虽然在下雨,我们还是待在家里”);③插入语:单独成句或放在句中(“The project, in fact, has been completed.” 译为“事实上,这个项目已经完成了”)。
其次是“1个月每日练习计划”,按“基础-强化-应用”分阶段,每天仅需30分钟:
第1周(基础阶段:语法回顾):
- 每天任务:1. 复习1个核心语法模块(定语从句、状语从句、非谓语动词、倒装句、虚拟语气,每天1个),用《考研真相》或语法书回顾规则;2. 拆分1个简单长难句(从2005-2010年真题中选取,句子长度15-20词),按“3步拆分法”写在笔记本上,标注主干和修饰成分。
- 示例:句子“People who live in big cities often face more stress than those who live in small towns.” 拆分:主干“People often face more stress”;定语从句“who live in big cities”(修饰People)、“who live in small towns”(修饰those);逻辑调整:“住在大城市的人通常比住在小城镇的人面临更多压力。”
第2-3周(强化阶段:真题拆解):
- 每天任务:1. 拆分1个中等难度长难句(2011-2018年真题,句子长度20-25词),先独立拆分,再对照参考解析检查;2. 总结“高频修饰类型”(如当天遇到“非谓语动词作状语”,就记录到笔记本上)。
- 示例:句子“To address this issue, the government has introduced a series of policies that aim to improve the quality of public services.” 拆分:主干“the government has introduced a series of policies”;非谓语动词短语“To address this issue”(目的状语);定语从句“that aim to improve...services”(修饰policies);逻辑调整:“为解决这一问题,政府推出了一系列旨在提升公共服务质量的政策。”
第4周(应用阶段:翻译输出):
- 每天任务:1. 拆分1个高难度长难句(2019-2024年真题,句子长度25-30词);2. 按“拆分-重组-润色”翻译3步法,写出完整译文;3. 对照真题参考译文,分析差异(如修饰成分语序是否调整、核心词汇是否准确)。
- 示例:句子“Although there is no doubt that technology has brought great convenience to people’s lives, it cannot be denied that it has also caused some negative effects, such as the reduction of face-to-face communication.” 拆分:主干“it cannot be denied that...”;Although引导的让步状语从句(Although there is no doubt that...);that引导的同位语从句(that technology has brought...)、(that it has also caused...);翻译:“虽然毫无疑问科技为人们的生活带来了极大便利,但不可否认的是,它也带来了一些负面影响,例如面对面交流的减少。”
需避免的“长难句练习误区”:一是“只拆分不翻译”,拆分的最终目的是“理解或翻译”,仅拆分不输出,无法检验是否真正掌握;二是“依赖解析,不独立思考”,应先独立拆分,再看解析,否则会形成“依赖症”;三是“每天练习过多”,每天1个长难句足够,关键是“吃透”(理解语法点、掌握拆分逻辑),而非“数量多”。
坚持1个月每日练习,可实现“看到长难句5秒内找出主干,1分钟内拆分解读”,阅读时不再因长难句卡顿,翻译时能精准拆解采分点,轻松应对考研英语中的“长难句难关”。
免责声明:本站所提供试题均来源于网友提供或网络搜集,由本站编辑整理,仅供个人研究、交流学习使用,不涉及商业盈利目的。如涉及版权问题,请联系本站管理员予以更改或删除。